Friday 12 June 2020

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Monday 8 June 2020

Top Online Basic Electrical Engineering Tutor

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D.C. Circuits: Ohm's Law, junction, node, circuit elements classification: Linear & nonlinear, active & passive, lumped & distributed, unilateral & bilateral with examples. KVL, KCL, Loop and node-voltage analysis of resistive circuit. Star-Delta transformation for resistors.

Network Theorems: Superposition, Thevenin's, Norton's and Maximum power transfer theorems in a resistive network. AC Fundamentals: Mathematical representation of various wave functions. Sinusoidal periodic signal, instantaneous and peak values, polar & rectangular form of representation of impedances and phasor quantities. Addition & subtraction of two or more phasor sinusoidal quantities using component resolution method.RMS and average values of various waveforms.

A.C. Circuits: Behavior of various components fed by A.C. source (steady state response of pureR, pure L, pure C, RL, RC, RLC series with waveforms of instantaneous voltage, current & power on simultaneous time axis scale and corresponding phasor diagrams), power factor, active, reactive & apparent power. Frequency response of Series & Parallel RLC ckts including resonance, Q factor, cut-off frequency & bandwidth. Generation of alternating emf.

Balanced Three Phase Systems:  Generation of alternating 3- phaseemf). 3-phase balanced circuits, voltage and current relations in star and delta connections. Measurement of 3-phase power by two wattmeter method for various types of star & delta connected balanced loads.

Single Phase Transformer (qualitative analysis only): Concept of magnetic circuits Relation between MMF & Reluctance. Hysteresis& Eddy current phenomenon. Principle, construction & emf equation Phasor diagram at ideal, no load and on load conditions. Losses & Efficiency, regulation OC & SC test, equivalent circuit, concept of auto transformer.

Electrical Machines (qualitative analysis only): Construction and working of dc machine with commutator action, speed control of dc shunt motor. Generation of rotating magnetic fields, Construction and working of a three-phase induction motor, Significance of torque-slip characteristic. Basics of Single-phase induction motor, capacitor start capacitor run Single-phase induction motor working. Basic construction and working of synchronous generator and motor.

Electrical Installations (LT Switchgear): Switch Fuse Unit (SFU), MCB, ELCB, MCCB, Types of Wires and Cables, Earthing.

 

 

 

Saturday 6 June 2020

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Differential Equations: Linear Differential Equations Of Nth Order With Constant Coefficients, Complementary Function And Particular Integral, Simultaneous Linear Differential Equations, Solution Of Second Order Differential Equations By Changing Dependent & Independent Variables, Normal Form, Method Of Variation Of Parameters, Applications To Engineering Problems (Without Derivation).

Series Solution And Special Functions: Series Solution Of Second Order Ordinary Differential Equations With Variable Coefficient (Frobenius Method), Bessel And Legendre Equations And Their Series Solutions, Properties Of Bessel Function And Legendre Polynomials.

Laplace Transform: Laplace Transform, Existence Theorem, Laplace Transforms Of Derivatives And Integrals, Initial And Final Value Theorems, Unit Step Function, Dirac- Delta Function, Laplace Transform Of Periodic Function, Inverse Laplace Transform, Convolution Theorem, Application To Solve Simple Linear And Simultaneous

Differential Equations: Fourier Series And Partial Differential Equations Periodic Functions, Fourier Series Of Period 2, Euler's Formulae, Functions Having Arbitrary Periods, Change Of Interval, Even And Odd Functions, Half Range Sine And Cosine Series, Harmonic Analysis. Solution Of First Order Partial Differential Equations By Lagrange's Method, Solution Of Second Order Linear Partial Differential Equations With Constant Coefficients.

Applications Of Partial Differential Equations: Classification Of Second Order Partial Differential Equations, Method Of Separation Of Variables For Solving Partial Differential Equations, Solution Of One And Two Dimensional Wave And Heat Conduction Equations, Laplace Equation In Two Dimension, Equation Of Transmission Lines.

 

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Wednesday 3 June 2020

What are the assumptions of "quantum free electron theory" ?



 In 1929, Somerfield stated to apply quantum mechanics to explain conductivity phenomenon in metal. He has improved the Drude - Lorentz theory by quantizing the free electron energy and retained the classical concept of free motion of electron at a random.

 ASSUMPTIONS:-

·         The electrons are free to move within the metal like gaseous molecules. They are confined to the metal due to surface potential.

·         The velocity distribution of the free electrons is described by Fermi-Dirac Statistics because electrons are spin half particles.

·         The free electrons would go into the different energy levels by following Pauli’s exclusion Principle which states that no two electrons have same set of Quantum numbers.

·         The motion of electrons is associated with a complex wave called matter wave, according to De-Broglie hypothesis.

·         The electrons cannot have all energies but will have discrete energies according to the equation, E = n2 h2 / 8ma2.

 

Drawbacks:

Conductivity: According to Quantum free electron theory, the conductivity of a metal is

σ = μne, here ‘μ’ is the mobility of electrons, ‘n’ is the free electron concentration and ‘e’ is the electron charge.

According to the above equation, polyvalent metals like Aluminum (Al) should be more conductive than monovalent metals like copper (Cu). But experimentally it is not so.

 Hall coefficient: According to the free electron theory, the hall coefficients for all metals is negative where as there are certain metals like Be, Cd, Zn for which the Hall coefficient is + ve. Free electron theory could not explain why certain substances behave as insulators and some other substances as semiconductors; in spite of they have free electrons in them.

 For more engineering topics discussion or any kind of assistance: feel free to contact us…https://academyofengineers.in

 

 


Tuesday 2 June 2020

How a Stepper Motor works ???



See,

Basically the stepper motor is an electromechanical device which converts electrical power into mechanical power. Also it is a brushless, synchronous electric motor that can divide a full rotation into an expansive number of steps. The motor’s position can be controlled accurately without any feedback mechanism, as long as the motor is carefully sized to the application. Stepper motors are similar to switched reluctance motors.

 

The stepper motor uses the theory of operation for magnets to make the motor shaft turn a precise distance when a pulse of electricity is provided. The stator has eight poles, and the rotor has six poles. The rotor will require 24 pulses of electricity to move the 24 steps to make one complete revolution. Another way to say this is that the rotor will move precisely 15° for each pulse of electricity that the motor receives.

 

For more engineering topics discussion or any kind of assistance: feel free to contact us…https://academyofengineers.in


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Monday 1 June 2020

Let’s talk about MEMORY !!!!


Let’s talk about MEMORY !!!!

 

Memory Hierarchy

A memory unit is the collection of storage units or devices together. The memory unit stores the binary information in the form of bits. Generally, memory/storage is classified into 2 categories:

       Volatile Memory: This loses its data, when power is switched off.

       Non-Volatile Memory: This is a permanent storage and does not lose any data when power is switched off.

 The total memory capacity of a computer can be visualized by hierarchy of components. The memory hierarchy system consists of all storage devices contained in a computer system from the slow Auxiliary Memory to fast Main Memory and to smaller Cache memory.

 

 

Auxillary memory access time is generally 1000 times that of the main memory, hence it is at the bottom of the hierarchy.

 

 The main memory occupies the central position because it is equipped to communicate directly with the CPU and with auxiliary memory devices through Input/output processor (I/O).

 When the program not residing in main memory is needed by the CPU, they are brought in from auxiliary memory.

 Programs not currently needed in main memory are transferred into auxiliary memory to provide space in main memory for other programs that are currently in use.

 The cache memory is used to store program data which is currently being executed in the CPU. Approximate access time ratio between cache memory and main memory is about 1 to 7~10

 

For more engineering topics discussion or any kind of assistance: feel free to contact us…https://academyofengineers.in

Saturday 30 May 2020

What is exactly Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle?




Let's start discuss on it---

According to Classical mechanics, a moving particle at any instant has fixed position in space and definite momentum which can be determined simultaneously with any desired accuracy. This assumption is true for objects of appreciable size, but fails in particles of atomic dimensions.

 

·         Since a moving atomic particle has to be regarded as a de-Broglie wave group, there is a limit to measure particle properties.

·         If the group is considered to be narrow, it is easier to locate its position, but the uncertainty in calculating its velocity and momentum increases.

·         If the group is wide, its momentum is estimated easily, but there is great uncertainty about the exact location of the particle.

 

Heisenberg a German scientist in 1927, gave uncertainty principle which states that “The determination of exact position and momentum of a moving particle simultaneously is impossible’’.

In general, if x represents the error in measurement of position of particle along x-axis, and p represents error in measurement of momentum, then

                                                                              x. p = h

Or limitation to find the position and momentum of a particle is

                                                                           (x).(p) ≥ h/4π

i.e. Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that both the position and momentum  cannot be measured simultaneously with perfect accuracy.

 For more engineering topics discussion or any kind of assistance: feel free to contact us…https://academyofengineers.in